User Guide
The full user's guide provides comprehensive information on scale administration, psychometric validity, reliability and factor analysis studies, as well as details on translations. Selected parts of the manual appear below. A sample manual can be downloaded here. An updated manual is provided with the scale upon request, following completion of a user agreement. Selected contents - tables, translations and bibliography - are presented below.
Mean scores for the CD-RISC scales in different populations are given in tables 1-10.
Table 1a. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 25-Item Scores in General Population Samples
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Comments |
| Connor et al (2003) | 25 | 458 | 80.4 (12.8) | USA | National random digit dial sample |
| Lamond et al (2008) | 25 | 1,395 | 75.7 (13.0) | USA | Community sample over age 60 |
| Sutherland et al (2009) | 25 | 64 | 82.7 (8.0) | USA | Women in university community; healthy controls in study of chemical dependency |
| Kavirajan et al (2011) | 25 | 1,151 | 76.1 (12.6) | USA | Postmenopausal women in community |
| Goins et al (2012) | 25 | 160 | 83.0 (13.4) | USA | Federally recognized Native American tribe |
| Yu et al (2009) | 25 | 560 | 65. 4 (13.9) | China | Community sample |
| Yu et al (2009) | 25 | 326 | 71.0 (11.3) | China | Parents (healthy controls in a study of autism) |
| Peng et al (2012) | 25 | 1,998 | 61.7 (10.6) | China | Medical Students |
| Ni et al (2015) | 25 | 10,997 | 60.0 (13.9) | China | Hong Kong general population |
| Zhong et al (2016) | 25 | 214 215 |
64.8 (13.8) 62.3 (15.0) |
China | Elderly (>60 years) community sample no mental illness or cognitive problems |
| Wu et al (2017) | 25 | 3960 | 63.4 (13.1) | China | New employees in Chinese communities |
| Ha et al (2009) | 25 | 143 | 66.8 (12.7) | Korea | Healthy volunteers |
| Faria et al (2010) | 25 | 421 | 73.4 (12.0) | Portugal | Community sample Lisbon |
| Solano & Neto (2012) | 25 | 103 | 75.4 (72.6,78.3, 95% CI) | Brazil | Family member normative controls of subjects with chronic pain |
| Ziaian et al (2012) | 25 |
53 35 82 |
60 69 67 |
Australia | Refugees from Africa, Yugoslavia, Middle East |
| Liu et al (2015) | 25 |
1892 2062 1826 |
71.5 (12.5) 71.4 (13.4) 73.4 (13.6) |
28-32 yrs 48-52 68-72 |
Austrailan community cohort |
| Law et al (2014) | 25 | 79 | 71.3 (10.8) | Australia | Centenarians |
Table 1b. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 10-Item Scores in General Population Samples
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Comments |
| Davidson (2003) | 10 | 458 | 32.1 (5.8) | USA | National random digit dial sample |
| Campbell-Sills et al (2008) | 10 | 764 | 31.8 (5.4) | USA | Community random digit dial sample in Memphis |
| Goins et al (2012) | 10 | 160 | 33.5 (6.2) | USA | Federally recognized Native American tribe |
| Jeste et al (2013) | 10 | 1,006 | 30.8(7.0) to 32.1(6.2) range by age group | USA | Community sample of older people ages 50-99 |
| Levasseur et al (2017) | 10 | 4541 | 31.0 (0.1) 32.0 (0.7) |
Portugal | Older age community sample |
| Faria et al (2011) | 10 | 421 | 29.3 (5.7) | Portugal | Community sample Lisbon |
| Lopes and Martins (2011) | 10 | 463 | 29.1 (5.5) | Brazil | Adult sample |
| Antunez et al (2015)` | 10` | 1922 | 29.0 (0.1) | Spain | Adult sample |
Table 1c. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 2-Item Scores in General Population Samples
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Comments |
| Vaishnavi et al (2008) | 2 | 458 | 6.91(1.5) | USA | National random digit dial sample |
| Lee et al (2008) | 2 | 1961 | 6.47 (1.37) | USA | National RDD violent trauma sample different from above |
| Campbell-Sills et al | 2 | 764 | 6.62 (1.33) | USA | Community random digit dial in Memphis |
| Faria et al (2011) | 2 | 421 | 6.50 (1.23) | Portugal | Community sample Lisbon |
| Ni et al (2015) | 2 | 10,997 | 5.03 (1.37) | China | Hong Kong general population |
| Rapacciuolo et al (2016) | 2 | 571 | 5.87 (1.69) | Italy | Community sample of over 60 years age in Naples |
Table 2a. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 25-Item Scores in Students and Young Adults
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Clauss-Ehlers and Wibrowski (2007) | 25 | 95 | 73.1 (14.1) | USA | High school graduates |
| Steinhardt and Dolbier (2008) | 25 | 27 30 |
70.6 (12.3) 67.7 (10.0) |
USA | College freshmen undergoing either treatment or control group |
| Otto et al (2010) | 25 | 856 | 72.9 (13.5) | USA | College students |
| Johnson et al (2011) | 25 |
45 Male 43 Female |
77.8(10.3) 73.6(11.0) |
USA | College students in a study of alcohol use habits |
| Hartley (2011) | 25 | 605 | 75.7(11.9) | USA | Undergraduate students |
| Brown and Tylka (2011) | 25 | 290 | 76.0(13.2) | USA | African American students |
| Stephens (2012) | 25 | 70 |
74.5 75.2 |
USA |
Nursing students control group Nursing students pre treatment |
| Bezdjian et al (2016) | 25 | 53,672 | 83.6(11.0) | USA | Air Force recruits (mean age 20.1 yrs) |
| Benetti and Kambouropoulos (2008) | 25 | 240 | 64.3 (12.3) | Australia | Adult undergraduates |
| Bitsika et al (2010) | 25 | 401 | 69.1 (13.4) | Australia | University students |
| Gucciardi et al (2011) | 25 | 199 | 73.0 (10.9) | Australia | Teenage cricketers |
| Ziaian et al (2012) | 25 | 170 | 62.2 (20.40) | Australia | Adolescent refugees |
| Pidgeon and Keye (2014) | 25 | 141 | 90.7 (12.6) | Australia | University students |
| Innes (2016) | 25 | 194 | 65.0 (12.9) | Australia | Chiropractic students |
| Jorgensen and Seedat (2006) | 25 | 701 | 64.8 (18.9) | South Africa | School sample adolescents |
| Bruwer et al (2008) | 25 | 502 | 65.9 (18.6) | South Africa | Convenience sample of high school students mean age 16.2 |
| Rogers (2016) | 25 | 62 | 77.4 | South Africa | Clinical associate students |
| Fyncham et al (2009) | 25 | 787 | 63.7 (17.9) | South Africa | Secondary school sample |
| Yu et al (2011) | 25 | 2,914 | 69.6 (13.2) | China | Adolescent earthquake survivors |
| Peng et al (2012) | 25 | 1,998 | 61.7 (10.6) | China | Medical students |
| Fu et al (2013) | 25 |
2132 1988 |
50.5(19.9) 50.2(19.5) |
China | Adolescent and child survivors of earthquake |
| Chen et al (2014) | 25 | 32 |
49.3(6.5) 52.7(17.9) |
China | Adolescent earthquake survivors who lost a parent: pre-treatment scores |
| Shi et al (2016) | 25 | 2968 |
68.2(14.3) 70.4(14.4) |
China | College freshmen "left behind" College freshmen controls |
| Lü et al (2016) | 25 | 1,534 | 63.5 (18.7) | China | Healthy college students |
| Khoshouei et al (2008) | 25 | 323 | 68.3 (17.5) | Iran | Undergraduates |
| Ebrahimi et al (2012) | 25 | 100 | 58.1(7.4) | Iran | University students |
| Allan et al (2014) | 25 | 1534 | 75.1 (12.8) | England | University freshmen |
| Ito et al (2009) | 25 |
220 434 |
55.8 (14.8) 64.3 (16.7) |
Japan |
Undergraduates mean age 20 Undergraduates mean age 39 |
| Giesbrecht et al (2009) | 25 | 79 | 66.4 (10.8) | Netherlands | Undergraduates |
| Markovitz et al (2014) | 25 | 254 | 63.9 (14.1) | Netherlands | Dutch students |
| Vetter et al (2010) | 25 | 94 | 70.1 (14.0) | Russia | Schoolchildren ages 10-16 who survived a terrorist attack in Ossetia, some of whom had PTSD |
| Cleverley and Kidd (2011) | 25 | 47 |
60.9(18.9) 53.1(19.0) |
Canada |
Homeless youth (male) Homeless youth (female) |
| Lim et al (2011) | 25 | 190 | 71.13 | Singapore | Adolescents mean age 12.8 (range 12-16) |
| Kang et al (2013) | 25 | 321 | 67.2(12.7) | Korea | College students |
Table 2b. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 10-Item Scores in Students and Young Adults
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Campbell-Sills et al (2007) | 10 | 131 | 27.2 (5.8) | USA | College undergraduates |
| Hartley (2012) | 10 | 605 | 30.1(5.3) | USA | Normative student sample |
| Jones et al (2017) | 10 | 39 | 33.5(18.4) 24.1(6.3) 26.4(18.3) |
USA | Juvenile male healthy controls Juvenile sexual offenders Juvenile child sexual abuse offenders |
| Shlomi (2010) | 10 | 220 | 28.0 (5.7) | Canada | Psychology students |
| Rahimi et al (2014) | 10 | 155 | 28.8 (4.4) 31.2 (5.2) |
Canada | Medical students – female < male scores |
| Lim et al (2011) | 10 | 190 | 27.88 | Singapore | Adolescents mean age 12.8 (range 12-16) |
| Lee et al (2016) | 10 | 1094 | 25.8 (8.0) 30.8 (9.2) 26.3 (8.0) 24.2 (7.3) |
Korea | All students (n=1094) Morning type (n=52) Intermediate type (n=656) Evening type (n=350) |
| Notario-Pacheco et al (2011) | 10 | 681 | 27.4 (6.4) | Spain | University first year students mean age 20.1 (18-30) |
| Markovitz et al (2014) | 10 | 254 | 25.7 (6.8) | Netherlands | Dutch students |
| Leventhal et al (2015) | 10 | 1730 737 |
20.8 22.2 |
India | Rural schoolgirl population mean age 12.9 years |
| Mathad et al (2017) | 10 | 194 | 26.3 (6.3) | India | Nursing students |
| Montero-Marin et al (2014) | 10 | 314 | 27.8 (6.7) | Spain | Dental students |
| Farkas & Orosz (2015) | 10 | 465 | 28.0(0.6) | Hungary | Students |
| DiFabio & Saklofske (2014) | 10 | 164 | 24.8(6.2) | Italy | High school students |
| Aloba et al (2016) | 10 | 449 | 26.7 | Nigeria | Student nurses |
| Chamberlain et al (2016) | 10 | 240 | 32.0 (5.7) | Australia | Third year student nurses |
Table 2c. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 2-Item Scores in Students and Young Adults
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Lim et al (2011) | 2 | 190 | 5.76 | Singapore | Adolescents mean age 12.8 (range 12-16) |
| Markovitz et al (2014) | 2 | 254 | 5.61 (1.44) | Netherlands | Dutch students |
| Lu et al (2016) | 2 | 218 | 6.46 (1.72) | Taiwan | Student athletes |