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Table 8a. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 25-Item Scores in Other Groups, Those Under Stress and/or Mainly Healthy Subjects
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Wilks (2006) | 25 | 205 | 73.4 (13.30 | USA | Alzheimer’s Caregivers |
| Laff et al (2008) | 25 | 241 | 76.0 (11.0) | USA | Medical interns |
| Schaeffer et al (2009) | 25 |
48 203 |
76.5 (12.8) 73.0 (11.9) |
USA USA |
Missionaries Missionaries |
| Green et al (2010) | 25 | 497 | 71.2.(17.5) | USA | Veteran population |
| Sen et al (2010) | 25 | 740 | 75.3 (11.9) | USA | Medical interns |
| Gabriel et al (2011) | 25 | 57 | 66.5 (13.4) | USA | Nurses |
| Phillips (2011) | 25 | 79 | 72.4(13.0) | USA | Unemployed men |
| Coates (2012) | 25 | 110 | 80.5 | USA | Single low income Black fathers |
| Kjellstrand & Harper (2012) | 25 | 128 | 76.0(14.8) | USA | Single mothers |
| Cox (2012) | 25 | 144 | 76.8 (12.5) 71.7 (11.7) 73.6 (14.3) | USA | Military couples pre, during and post deployment |
| Calcote et al (2013) | 25 | 176 | 76.3 | USA | Hazardous waste and emergency response workers |
| Knows-His-Gun et al (2013) | 25 | 161 | 78.3 (15.4) 77.5 (10.3) |
USA | Native American Caucasian |
| Rudow et al (2014) | 25 | 151 | 83(11.6) | USA | Kidney and liver donors |
| Gonzalez et al (2016) | 25 | 409 | 78.1 (10.9) | USA | Distance runners |
Lutz et al (2016) |
25 |
656 |
78 (13) |
USA |
Air Force and Army recruits |
Bezdjian et al (2016) |
25 |
53,672 |
83.6(11.0) |
USA |
Air Force recruits |
McFarland & Roth (2016) |
25 |
56 |
68.5(9.4) |
USA |
Resident MDs on oncology rotation |
Gupta et al (2017) |
25 |
48 |
78.0(11.7) |
USA |
Healthy volunteers for MRI study |
| Gillespie et al (2007) | 25 | 735 | 75.9 (11.0) | Australia | Operating theatre surgical nurses |
| Gucciardi and Gordon (2008) | 25 | 433 | 73.4 (11.0) | Australia | Adult cricketers |
| Gucciardi et al (2011) | 25 | 321 | 73.2 (10.7) | Australia | Adult cricketers |
| Gucciardi et al (2011) | 25 | 199 | 73.0 (10.9) | Australia | Teenage cricketers |
| Loh and Klug (2012) | 25 | 108 | 75.0 | Australia | Women immigrants |
| Devilly & Varker (2015) | 25 | 281 | 77.28 (10.4) | Australia | Victorian police officers |
| Hegney et al (2015) | 25 | 1743 | 69.6 - 70.3 | Australia | Four groups of nurses, many with mild depression or anxiety |
| Baek et al (2010) | 25 | 576 | 61.0 (13.0) | Korea | Students, nurses, firefighters |
| Lee et al (2014) | 25 | 552 | 64.5 (17.0) | Korea | Firefighters |
Jeon et al (2017) |
25 |
1794 |
61.2(13.3) |
Korea |
Hospital employees sleep survey |
| Lee and Williams (2013) | 25 | 206 | 70.6(14.0) | Koreans in the US | Adults whose parents had alcoholism |
Kim et al (2016) |
25 |
169 |
71.6 (15.6) |
Korea |
Conscripted Marines |
| Carli et al (2010) | 25 | 1,265 | 65.3 (14.1) | Italy | Prisoners |
| Hosseini and Besharat (2010) | 25 | 139 | 73.8 (16.0) | Iran | Athletes |
| Stephenson (2012) | 25 | 50 | 82.0 (11.2) | US Virgin Islands | Graduates of the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program |
| Hemmings et al (2013) | 25 | 150 | 73(58,84) | South Africa | Non-TB contacts of family members with TB |
| Van Breda et al (2015) | 25 | 55 32 |
77.3(1.7SE) 72.6(2.0) |
South Africa | Ironman athletes Recreational athletes |
| Manzano-Garcia & Calvo (2013) | 25 | 783 | 79.8(9.8) | Spain | Business owners and entrepreneurs |
| Yu et al (2009) | 25 | 76 | 65.4(11.9) | China | Healthy parents |
| Yu et al (2013a) | 25 | 1205 | 60.7(15.6) | China | Refugees |
| Yu et al (2014) | 25 | 183 | 57.7 – 59.3 | China | Refugees to Hong Kong |
Chi et al (2015) |
25 |
645 |
49.9(15.8) |
China |
Children (mean age 10.8 – range 8-15) of parents with HIV |
Tan et al (2016) |
25 |
3960 |
63.4 (13.1) |
China |
New factory employees |
Zhang et al (2016) |
25 |
222 |
56.9(16.9) |
China |
Parents bereaved of their only child |
Lu et al (2017) |
25 |
474 |
57.9(13.2) |
China |
Older adults |
Du et al (2017) |
25 |
518 |
66.0 |
China |
Children with HIV+ve parents – mean age 12.0(2.5) years |
| Herbert et al (2013) | 25 | 45 | 69.4(15.7) | India | Adult offspring of a parent with schizophrenia |
Rajan and John (2016) |
25 |
121 |
65.0(15.9) |
India |
Parents of children with intellectual disability |
| Petros et al (2013) | 25 | 196 | 67.0 (15.8) | England | Healthy adults in a university community |
| Tajanlangit (2014) | 25 | 103 | 81.8 | Philippines | Mental health nurses |
| Lim et al (2015) | 25 | 365 | 84.9(11.2) | Singapore | Older community sample Chinese women, average age 72 |
| Sarubin et al (2015a) | 25 | 201 | 73.9(12.0) | Germany | Healthy older women, non-clinical population |
Table 8b. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 10-Item Scores in Other Groups, Those Under Stress and/or Mainly Healthy Subjects
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Li et al (2012) | 10 | 113 | 22.6(7.6) | China | Parents under stress: children receiving surgery for congenital disease |
| Tian et al (2015) | 10 | 575 | 26.5 (6.1) | China | Telephone operators |
Ye et al (2017) |
10 |
460 |
23.2 |
China |
Parents of children with cancer |
| Paulus et al (2012) | 10 |
10 11 |
30.6(12.3) 31.4(10.0) |
USA |
Elite athletes Healthy adult controls |
| Prabhakaran et al (2012) | 10 | 63,290 | 31.9 | USA | Active duty air force personnel |
| Rosenberg et al (2013) | 10 | 96 | 30.0(6.0) | USA | Parents of children with cancer |
| Warren et al (2013) | 10 | 133 | 33.4(4.0) | USA | Surgeons |
| Turner (2015) | 10 | 10 | 36.7 | USA | Nurses in hospital following tornado |
| Gonzalez et al (2016) | 10 | 409 | 31.1 (5.0) | USA | Distance runners |
| Gayton and Lovell (2012) | 10 |
146 73 |
30.1-31.2 27.4 |
Australia |
Experienced paramedics Student paramedics |
Table 8c. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 2-Item Scores in Other Groups and/or Mainly Healthy Subjects
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Diagnostic group |
| Eisenach et al (2014) | 2 | 13 | 6.9 (1.0) | USA | New anesthesiology residents |
| Stevens et al (2010) | 2 | 633 | 6.84 (3.82) | Australia | Ambulance officers |
Table 9. Mean (SD) CD-RISC 10-Item Summary Scores
| Authors | Scale | Number | Mean (SD) | Location | Comments |
| Davidson (2003) | 10 | 458 | 32.1 (5.8) | USA | National random digit dial sample |
| Campbell-Sills et al (2007) | 10 | 131 | 27.2 (5.8) | USA | College undergraduates |
| Campbell-Sills et al (2008) | 10 | 764 | 31.8 (5.4) | USA | Community random digit dial sample in Memphis |
| Wingo et al (2010) | 10 | 792 | 34.0 (median) (0-40 range) | USA | Primary care/gynecology groups |
| Dodd (2010) | 10 | 102 | 32.4(5.4) | USA | Inpatients in rehabilitation post injury |
| Grattan et al (2011) |
10 10 10 10 |
71 23 47 47 |
29.1(6.1) 29.9(5.9) 30.0(6.5) 28.5(5.5) |
USA USA USA USA |
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill |
| Wrenn et al (2011) | 10 |
233 534 |
30 (12) median 35 (8) median |
USA |
PTSD primary care patients Non-PTSD primary care patients |
| Christensen (2011) | 10 | 41 | 31.4(5.8) | USA | Inpatients with traumatic injury |
| Hartley (2012) | 10 | 605 | 30.1(5.3) | USA | Normative student sample |
| Melvin et al (2012) | 10 | 60 | 31.0 (6.5) | USA | Combat veteran couples |
| Goins et al (2012) | 10 | 160 | 33.5 (6.2) | USA | Federally recognized Native American tribe |
| Hartley (2012) | 10 | 121 | 19.6(8.2) | USA | Student counseling clinic sample |
| Mascolini (2012) | 10 |
42 20 |
27.0 31.0 |
USA |
HIV positive older subjects HIV negative older subjects |
| Paulus et al (2012) | 10 |
10 11 |
30.6(12.3) 31.4(10.0) |
USA |
Elite athletes Healthy adult controls |
| Hammermeister et al (2012) | 10 | 351 | 28.1 (0.88) | USA | Stryker Battalion combat troops |
| Prabhakaran et al (2012) | 10 | 63,290 | 31.9 | USA | Active duty Air Force personnel |
| Rosenberg et al (2013) | 10 | 96 | 30.0(6.0) | USA | Parents of children with cancer |
| Bradley et al (2013) | 10 | 971 | 31.6(7.7) | USA | African-American OB-GYN outpatients |
| Warren et al (2013) | 10 | 133 | 33.4(4.0) | USA | Surgeons |
| Dale et al (2014a) | 10 | 138 | 28.8(7.8) | USA | HIV+ve women |
| Dale et al (2014b) | 10 | 85 | 29.3(7.8) | USA | HIV +ve women |
| McCanlies et al (2014) | 10 | 114 | 29.9 (6.3) | USA | Police officers post Hurricane Katrina |
| Rainey et al (2014) | 10 | 110 | 31.3 (not given) | USA | Hospitalized subjects with traumatic injury |
| Green et al (2014) | 10 | 1090 | 30.5 (6.6) | USA | Community sample of military veterans |
| Lukow et al (2015) | 10 | 96 | 22.0 (8.8) | USA | Mild to severe TBI |
| Rosenberg et al (2015) | 10 | 1782 | 31.4 (6.6) | USA | Hematopoietic cell transplantation patients |
| Turner (2015) | 10 | 10 | 36.7 | USA | Nurses responding to tornado casualties |
| Gonzalez et al (2016) | 10 | 409 | 31.1 (5.0) | USA | Distance runners |
Battalio et al (2016) |
10 |
1574 |
29.0(7.0) |
USA |
Neurological disability |
Terrill et al (2016) |
10 |
1862 |
28.0(7.1) |
USA |
Long term physical disabilities |
Wingo et al (2017) |
10 |
246 |
23.6(7.8) |
USA |
Veterans with PTSD and depression |
Carlsen et al (2017) |
10 |
73 |
30.4(5.5) |
USA |
Adolescents with IBD |
Jones et al (2017) |
10 |
39 |
33.5(18.4) |
USA |
Juvenile male controls |
Koelmel et al (2016) |
10 |
163 |
26,8(6.2) |
USA |
Multiple sclerosis |
| Shlomi (2010) | 10 | 220 | 28.0 (5.7) | Canada | Psychology students |
| McGlone (2010) | 10 | 27 | 29.3 (6.2) | Canada | Epilepsy |
| Rahimi et al (2014) | 10 | 155 | 28.8 (4.4) Female 31.2 (5.2) Male |
Canada | Medical students |
Poole et al (2017a) |
10 |
3413 |
31.0 |
Canada |
Prim care non-depressed |
Poole et al (2017b) |
10 |
3802 |
30.3(7.0) |
Canada |
11 primary care practices Calgary |
Levasseur et al (2017) |
10 |
4541 |
31.0 Women |
Canada |
Community sample of elders 60+ years of age |
| Wang et al (2010) | 10 | 341 |
24.8(7.4) 20.8(6.3) 26.8(6.3) |
China |
Earthquake survivors – whole group PTSD group Non-PTSD controls |
| Wang et al (2010) | 10 | 341 | 26.8 (6.3) | China | Schoolteachers affected by earthquake |
| Li et al (2012) | 10 | 113 | 22.6(7.6) | China | Parents under stress: children receiving surgery for congenital disease |
| Duan et al (2015) | 10 | 95 | 25.5 (4.9) | China | University students with PTSD and PT growth |
| Tian et al (2015) | 10 | 575 | 26.5 (6.1) | China | Telephone operators |
| Wu et al (2015) | 10 | 318 | 24.8 (7.5) | China | Earthquake survivors – corrected values given here |
Li et al (2016) |
10 |
231 |
26.9 (6.6) |
China |
Pregnant women |
Ye at al (2017) |
10 |
460 |
23.2 |
China |
Parents of children with cancer |
Matzka et al (2016) |
10 |
343 |
29.3(7.0) |
Austria |
Cancer patients |
| Kilic et al (2013) | 10 | 60 | 29.5(7.2) | Australia | Spinal cord injury |
| Gayton and Lovell (2012) | 10 |
146
73 |
30.1-31.2
27.4 |
Australia |
Experienced paramedics
Student paramedics |
| Black & Dorstyn (2013) | 10 | 196 | 27.0(7.1) | Australia | Multiple sclerosis |
| Hayter & Dorstyn (2013) | 10 | 97 | 25.6(8.0) | Australia | Spina bifida |
| Lyons et al (2016) | 10 | 357 | 27.0 (7.7) | Australia | HIV+ve gay men |
Chamberlain et al (2016) |
10 |
240 |
32.0 (5.7) |
Australia |
Third year nursing students |
| Davidson et al (2008) | 10 | 329 |
20.1
19.9 |
International
International |
PTSD before drug treatment
PTSD before receiving placebo |
| Klasen et al (2010) | 10 | 330 | 22.7 (8.3) | Uganda | Former child soldiers aged 11-17 |
| Aloba et al (2016) | 10 | 449 | 26.7 | Nigeria | Student nurses |
| Lopes and Martins (2011) | 10 | 463 | 29.1 (5.5) | Brazil | Adult sample |
Solano et al (2016) |
10 |
575 |
25.8 (9.1) |
Brazil |
Medical and psychiatric patients |
| Lim et al (2011) | 10 | 190 | 27.88 | Singapore | Adolescents mean age 12.8 (range 12-16) |
| Notario-Pacheco et al (2011) | 10 | 681 | 27.4 (6.4) | Spain | University first year students mean age 20.1 (18-30) |
| Montero-Marin et al (2014) | 10 | 314 | 27.8 (6.7) | Spain | Dental students |
| Notario-Pacheco et al (2014) | 10 | 191 | 24.7(10.8) | Spain | Fibromyalgia patients |
| Rodriguez-Rey et al (2015) | 10 | 620 | 28.4 (6.8) | Spain | Mixed sample of medical patients, parents of children with medical/psych problems and general population |
| Scali et al (2012) | 10 | 238 | 27 (22-32 1,3Q) | France | Mammography subjects with and without breast cancer |
| Glück et al (2013) | 10 | 84 | 25.9 (6.7) PTSD 31.1 (6.1) Control |
Austria | World War II survivors |
| Markovitz et al (2014) | 10 |
254
101 107 |
25.7 (6.8)
27.6 (5.9) 27.4 (6.8) |
Netherlands
Belgium Belgium |
Students
Breast cancer patients Control women |
| DiFabio & Saklofske (2014) | 10 | 164 | 24.8(6.2) | Italy | High school students |
| Okuyama et al (2014) | 10 | 1973 | 20.5(0.2 SE) | Japan | Adolescent survivors of Great East Japan Earthquake |
Lee et al (2016) |
10 |
1094 |
25.8 (8.0) |
Korea |
College students |
| Antunez et al (2015) | 10 | 1922 | 29.0 (0.1) | Spain | Adults in the community |
| Farkas & Orosz (2015) | 10 | 465 | 28.0 (0.6) | Hungary | Students |
| Schäfer et al (2015) | 10 | 191 | 31.3 (4.8) | Germany | Male soldiers |
Mathad et al (2017) |
10 |
194 |
26.3(6.3) |
India |
Nursing students |
Moffett & Bartram (2017) |
10 |
105 |
27 |
England |
First year veterinary students |